Autonomous cars

2025-12-24

In the nearly 10 years of living in the Bay Area, I’ve taken many photos of autonomous vehicles, as well as human-driven vehicles and prototypes used for autonomous vehicle research! So here’s a list of some of my original photos.

1 Apple

Apple Lexus vehicle with a Velodyne HDL-64E and a bunch of cameras.

FIGURE 1 Apple Lexus vehicle with a Velodyne HDL-64E and a bunch of cameras.

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A 2018 prototype. This has to win some sort of award for the most crazy sensor arrangement.

FIGURE 2 A 2018 prototype. This has to win some sort of award for the most crazy sensor arrangement.

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A 2020 prototype.

FIGURE 3 A 2020 prototype.

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Rear of the 2020 prototype.

FIGURE 4 Rear of the 2020 prototype.

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2 Argo

Argo was a self driving car startup that got acquired by Ford but it was shut down in 2022.

Dual-Velodyne turret on top of an Argo Ford Fusion at CVPR 2019 in Long Beach.

FIGURE 5 Dual-Velodyne turret on top of an Argo Ford Fusion at CVPR 2019 in Long Beach.

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Argo vehicle at CVPR 2022 in New Orleans.

FIGURE 6 Argo vehicle at CVPR 2022 in New Orleans.

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Download

3 Cruise

Cruise was the self driving car subsidiary of GM. In December 2024, they announced that they were halting the effort, but recently Cruise cars can still be seen undergoing testing, so maybe they are continuing their development in secret.

Early Cruise prototype in 2017 with the Velodyne HDL-32 instead of the VLP-32.

FIGURE 7 Early Cruise prototype in 2017 with the Velodyne HDL-32 instead of the VLP-32.

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Another Cruise with the HDL-32. Sorry for the bad framing, but at least this photo is relatively sharp and detailed.

FIGURE 8 Another Cruise with the HDL-32. Sorry for the bad framing, but at least this photo is relatively sharp and detailed.

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Two Cruise vehicles in 2017. Notice their shock-mounted Velodyne VLP-32 pucks.

FIGURE 9 Two Cruise vehicles in 2017. Notice their shock-mounted Velodyne VLP-32 pucks.

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Unmarked Cruise Chevy Bolt.

FIGURE 10 Unmarked Cruise Chevy Bolt.

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By 2019 they had switched to Hesai lidars on top.

FIGURE 11 By 2019 they had switched to Hesai lidars on top.

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During the pandemic, they tried delivering food with Cruise cars.

FIGURE 12 During the pandemic, they tried delivering food with Cruise cars.

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Cruise Origin vehicle at CVPR 2022 in New Orleans.

FIGURE 13 Cruise Origin vehicle at CVPR 2022 in New Orleans.

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4 Luminar

Luminar was a lidar company but they recently announced their bankruptcy.

Luminar Chrysler Pacifica demo vehicle at Stanford University in 2019.

FIGURE 14 Luminar Chrysler Pacifica demo vehicle at Stanford University in 2019.

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Luminar booth at CES 2020.

FIGURE 15 Luminar booth at CES 2020.

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Luminar Toyota Highlander at CES 2020.

FIGURE 16 Luminar Toyota Highlander at CES 2020.

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5 Ouster

Ouster is a manufacturer of lidars for autonomous vehicles and other markets.

Subaru Crosstrek XV with three Velodyne VLP-16 lidars for testing.

FIGURE 17 Subaru Crosstrek XV with three Velodyne VLP-16 lidars for testing.

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Subaru with three Ouster OS1 prototypes.

FIGURE 18 Subaru with three Ouster OS1 prototypes.

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Subaru with only one Ouster OS1.

FIGURE 19 Subaru with only one Ouster OS1.

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Subaru with Ouster OS1.

FIGURE 20 Subaru with Ouster OS1.

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Chrysler Pacifica demo vehicle.

FIGURE 21 Chrysler Pacifica demo vehicle.

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Ouster booth at CES 2020.

FIGURE 22 Ouster booth at CES 2020.

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6 Tesla

I had the pleasure to see a Cybercab prototype at Santana Row in 2024.

Cybercab at Santana Row.

FIGURE 23 Cybercab at Santana Row.

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Cybercab at Santana Row.

FIGURE 24 Cybercab at Santana Row.

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Cybercab at Santana Row.

FIGURE 25 Cybercab at Santana Row.

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7 Uber

I worked somewhat near the Uber garage at 737 Harrison St, before they shut down in 2019. They started out as the Advanced Technology Center (ATC) in 2016 with the acquisition of Otto, before they rebranded to teh Advanced Technology Group (ATG) sometime in 2017. Following a fatal accident in 2018, their efforts were soon shut down.

7.1 Ford Fusion

Uber ATC Ford Fusion in 2016.

FIGURE 26 Uber ATC Ford Fusion in 2016.

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Detail of the sensor pod on top of a Ford Fusion. There's a Velodyne HDL-64 and an array of really nice, large aperture cameras.

FIGURE 27 Detail of the sensor pod on top of a Ford Fusion. There’s a Velodyne HDL-64 and an array of really nice, large aperture cameras.

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7.2 Volvo XC90

Uber ATC Volvo XC90 in 2016.

FIGURE 28 Uber ATC Volvo XC90 in 2016.

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Uber ATG Volvo XC90 in 2017.

FIGURE 29 Uber ATG Volvo XC90 in 2017.

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Uber ATG Volvo XC90 in 2017.

FIGURE 30 Uber ATG Volvo XC90 in 2017.

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Download
Uber ATG Volvo XC90 in 2017.

FIGURE 31 Uber ATG Volvo XC90 in 2017.

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The safety driver cheekily made a hand gesture, not knowing the imminent demise of the Uber self driving car effort.

FIGURE 32 The safety driver cheekily made a hand gesture, not knowing the imminent demise of the Uber self driving car effort.

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Software
ILCE-7RM2 v3.30
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7.3 Otto trucks

Following the acquisition of Otto, they had several kinds of trucks: Volvo and Peterbilt.

Volvo trucks at their 737 Harrison depot in 2017.

FIGURE 33 Volvo trucks at their 737 Harrison depot in 2017.

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Volvo trucks at their 737 Harrison depot in 2017.

FIGURE 34 Volvo trucks at their 737 Harrison depot in 2017.

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8 Waymo

8.1 Chrysler Pacifica

Waymo Chrysler Pacifica in 2017. Compared to the Velodyne-equipped other self driving car efforts, the Pacifica with Waymo's in-house lidar was already really polished and well-integrated even in 2017.

FIGURE 35 Waymo Chrysler Pacifica in 2017. Compared to the Velodyne-equipped other self driving car efforts, the Pacifica with Waymo’s in-house lidar was already really polished and well-integrated even in 2017.

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8.2 Jaguar I-Pace

Jaguar I-Pace in 2021.

FIGURE 36 Jaguar I-Pace in 2021.

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Jaguar I-Pace in 2023.

FIGURE 37 Jaguar I-Pace in 2023.

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Jaguar I-Pace in 2021.

FIGURE 38 Jaguar I-Pace in 2021.

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Interior of Jaguar I-Pace in 2024.

FIGURE 39 Interior of Jaguar I-Pace in 2024.

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8.3 Zeekr RT

These started showing up on public streets in 2025. I took a few photos at their Bayshore depot on Toland St.

Front view of several Zeekr RTs.

FIGURE 40 Front view of several Zeekr RTs.

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Oblique view of a Zeekr RT.

FIGURE 41 Oblique view of a Zeekr RT.

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With reflections from a puddle!

FIGURE 42 With reflections from a puddle!

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9 Woven Planet

The successor to Toyota Research Institute, they have a lot of different types of vehicles. I saw a TRI car at the CVPR 2019 conference before they rebranded to Woven Planet.

TRI at CVPR 2019.

FIGURE 43 TRI at CVPR 2019.

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The most commonly seen one are the data collection pods on top of Lyft cars (typically Hyundais or Toyota Priuses).

Woven Planet pod on top of a Prius.

FIGURE 44 Woven Planet pod on top of a Prius.

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10 Zoox

10.1 Toyota Highlander

Early Zoox prototype in 2018.

FIGURE 45 Early Zoox prototype in 2018.

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Highlander making its way down the twisty Lombard Street in 2019.

FIGURE 46 Highlander making its way down the twisty Lombard Street in 2019.

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Another Highlander doing the same thing.

FIGURE 47 Another Highlander doing the same thing.

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The following photos were taken in December 2025 at their Mission depot on Division and Bryant.

A row of Highlanders in 2025.

FIGURE 48 A row of Highlanders in 2025.

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A Toyota Highlander.

FIGURE 49 A Toyota Highlander.

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10.2 VH

VH stands for “Vaporware Horseshit”. Apparently, Jalopnik writer Jason Torchinsky dissed Zoox in 2013 by calling them that, and then they embraced the moniker and called their self driving cars VH-1, VH-2, etc.

The VH chassis on display at CVPR 2019 in Long Beach.

FIGURE 50 The VH chassis on display at CVPR 2019 in Long Beach.

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VH rig at CVPR 2019 in Long Beach.

FIGURE 51 VH rig at CVPR 2019 in Long Beach.

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VH at CVPR 2022 in New Orleans.

FIGURE 52 VH at CVPR 2022 in New Orleans.

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VH at CVPR 2022 in New Orleans.

FIGURE 53 VH at CVPR 2022 in New Orleans.

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VH on the streets of San Francisco in 2025.

FIGURE 54 VH on the streets of San Francisco in 2025.

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11 Other autonomous vehicles

These are AV companies whose vehicles I’ve only seen a handful of times.

11.1 AEye

AEye is a lidar company making pulsed 1550 nm lidar. A year ago, the same car destroyed a camera so I was very worried.

AEye at CVPR 2020.

FIGURE 55 AEye at CVPR 2020.

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Another AEye vehicle at CVPR 2020.

FIGURE 56 Another AEye vehicle at CVPR 2020.

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11.2 AutonomouStuff

AutonomouStuff is a supplier of sensors and stuff for robotics and self driving cars.

Demonstration vehicle at CES 2020. In the background you can see another demo vehicle from the Israeli lidar company Innoviz.

FIGURE 57 Demonstration vehicle at CES 2020. In the background you can see another demo vehicle from the Israeli lidar company Innoviz.

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11.3 AutoX

AutoX was a startup founded by professor Jianxiong Xiao. I remember using his SFMedu MATLAB code during grad school to learn about bundle adjustment! The company renamed to Tensor and pivoted to making bespoke self driving cars.

AutoX Chrysler Pacifica at CES 2020.

FIGURE 58 AutoX Chrysler Pacifica at CES 2020.

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11.4 DiDi

I saw their car at the CVPR 2019 conference in Long Beach.

DiDi Lincoln MKZ at CVPR 2019. To be honest this seems like a kit from AutonomouStuff.

FIGURE 59 DiDi Lincoln MKZ at CVPR 2019. To be honest this seems like a kit from AutonomouStuff.

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12 Mapper.ai

Mapper.ai was founded around 2015-2016 and then got acquired by Velodyne in 2019. They often drove around in a Honda Civic to collect HD mapping data.

Mapper.ai Honda Civic.

FIGURE 60 Mapper.ai Honda Civic.

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Download
Mapper.ai Honda Civic.

FIGURE 61 Mapper.ai Honda Civic.

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darktable 2.3.0+893~g0b45f4abb
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12.1 Quanergy

Quanergy was a lidar company that went all-in on their solid state Quanergy S3 sensor, but went bankrupt in 2023.

Quanergy car at CES 2020.

FIGURE 62 Quanergy car at CES 2020.

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Date
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12.2 Motional

Motional is an autonomous driving company majority owned by Hyundai.

Motional at CVPR 2022.

FIGURE 63 Motional at CVPR 2022.

EXIF data
Camera
FUJIFILM GFX 50R
Lens
GF80mmF1.7 R WR
Aperture
f/2.8
Shutter
1/60 s
ISO
ISO 800
Software
darktable unknown-version
Date
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12.3 TuSimple

TuSimple is a self driving truck company but they wound down their US operations and left the US in 2023. Then in 2024, they pivoted away from self-driving trucks towards AI for video games, animation, and content creation. Pretty wild pivot to be honest.

TuSimple at CVPR 2019.

FIGURE 64 TuSimple at CVPR 2019.

EXIF data
Camera
FUJIFILM GFX 50R
Lens
GF45mmF2.8 R WR
Aperture
f/2.8
Shutter
1/320 s
ISO
ISO 2500
Software
Digital Camera GFX 50R Ver1.00
Date
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